ABSTRACT
Abstract Development of insecticides resistance mainly hinge with managements techniques for the control of Jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Five insecticides were applied against field collected and laboratory rared jassid populations during the years of 2017 to 2019 to profile their resistance level against field population of jassid through leaf dip method. Very low resistance level was found in jassid against confidor whereas high level of resistance was observed by pyriproxyfen against other test insecticides. Gradual resistance was observed against diafenthiuron. It is concluded that for the management of Jassid repetition of same insecticide should be avoided. The use of confidor may be reduced to overcome resistance against Jassid.
Resumo Desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticidas principalmente em dobradiça com técnicas de manejo para o controle de jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Cinco inseticidas foram aplicados contra populações de jassídeos coletados em campo e em laboratório durante os anos de 2017 a 2019 para traçar o perfil de seu nível de resistência contra populações de jassídeos em campo através do método de imersão nas folhas. Nível de resistência muito baixo foi encontrado em jassid contra confidor, enquanto alto nível de resistência foi observado por piriproxifeno contra outros inseticidas de teste. Resistência gradual foi observada contra o diafenthiuron. Conclui-se que, para o manejo do jassid, a repetição do mesmo inseticida deve ser evitada. O uso de confidor pode ser reduzido para superar a resistência contra jassid.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hemiptera , Insecticides/pharmacology , Insecticide Resistance , LaboratoriesABSTRACT
Development of insecticides resistance mainly hinge with managements techniques for the control of Jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Five insecticides were applied against field collected and laboratory rared jassid populations during the years of 2017 to 2019 to profile their resistance level against field population of jassid through leaf dip method. Very low resistance level was found in jassid against confidor whereas high level of resistance was observed by pyriproxyfen against other test insecticides. Gradual resistance was observed against diafenthiuron. It is concluded that for the management of Jassid repetition of same insecticide should be avoided. The use of confidor may be reduced to overcome resistance against Jassid.
Desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticidas principalmente em dobradiça com técnicas de manejo para o controle de jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Cinco inseticidas foram aplicados contra populações de jassídeos coletados em campo e em laboratório durante os anos de 2017 a 2019 para traçar o perfil de seu nível de resistência contra populações de jassídeos em campo através do método de imersão nas folhas. Nível de resistência muito baixo foi encontrado em jassid contra confidor, enquanto alto nível de resistência foi observado por piriproxifeno contra outros inseticidas de teste. Resistência gradual foi observada contra o diafenthiuron. Conclui-se que, para o manejo do jassid, a repetição do mesmo inseticida deve ser evitada. O uso de confidor pode ser reduzido para superar a resistência contra jassid.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hemiptera , Insecticides , Insecticide ResistanceABSTRACT
Abstract Development of insecticides resistance mainly hinge with managements techniques for the control of Jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Five insecticides were applied against field collected and laboratory rared jassid populations during the years of 2017 to 2019 to profile their resistance level against field population of jassid through leaf dip method. Very low resistance level was found in jassid against confidor whereas high level of resistance was observed by pyriproxyfen against other test insecticides. Gradual resistance was observed against diafenthiuron. It is concluded that for the management of Jassid repetition of same insecticide should be avoided. The use of confidor may be reduced to overcome resistance against Jassid.
Resumo Desenvolvimento da resistência a inseticidas principalmente em dobradiça com técnicas de manejo para o controle de jassid, Amrasca biguttutla biguttutla. Cinco inseticidas foram aplicados contra populações de jassídeos coletados em campo e em laboratório durante os anos de 2017 a 2019 para traçar o perfil de seu nível de resistência contra populações de jassídeos em campo através do método de imersão nas folhas. Nível de resistência muito baixo foi encontrado em jassid contra confidor, enquanto alto nível de resistência foi observado por piriproxifeno contra outros inseticidas de teste. Resistência gradual foi observada contra o diafenthiuron. Conclui-se que, para o manejo do jassid, a repetição do mesmo inseticida deve ser evitada. O uso de confidor pode ser reduzido para superar a resistência contra jassid.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: There is a need to evaluate novel techniques for dengue control in India. Several formulations of pyriproxyfen have been assessed for efficacy and duration of action. Pyriproxyfen is also used as a microencapsulated ready-to-use formulation against the Aedes vector. We evaluated a novel pyriproxyfen-based microencapsulated formulation. This slow-release, ready-to-use aqueous spray is a larvicidal formulation, and we assessed its efficacy and residual action through laboratory and semi-field trials against Aedes immature stages. Methods: The study was carried out as per the guidelines for laboratory and field/small-scale field testing of mosquito larvicides by the World Health Organization. The evaluation was conducted in laboratory and semi-field conditions from August to December 2018. We tested the novel formulation on three materials (plastic, ceramic, and enamel) in the laboratory for its action as an antilarval. Four containers of each kind were sprayed with the formulation and kept as replicates. Four controls were used in the laboratory trials - 120 larvae (third instar) were introduced in the replicates and the controls each. Readings were taken daily till complete adult emergence or larval and pupal mortality. In the semi-field trials, we applied this formulation to the inside of desert coolers and observed larvicidal and pupicidal activity over five months. Data is presented in numbers and percentages, along with mean and standard deviation. Adult emergence and Emergence Inhibition was calculated. Results: There was 100% adult emergence inhibition amongst the exposed larvae in the treated containers in the laboratory trials. In the untreated controls, adult emergence ranged from 80–95% in all types of containers. In the semifield trials, Inhibition Emergence was 100% in the treated desert coolers during the five months of the study period. Interpretation & conclusion: This advancement in insecticide formulation technology promises to make dengue control more effective and efficient
ABSTRACT
Este estudo investigou a toxicidade pré-natal do inseticida piriproxifeno em ratos Wistar, de forma a detectar possíveis alterações no desenvolvimento fetal da progênie exposta durante o período organogênico. Três doses de piriproxifeno (100, 300 e 500mg.kg-1) foram administradas por via oral às progenitoras, do sexto ao 15º dia de gestação. Os fetos foram submetidos à técnica de diafanização modificada descrita por Taylor e Van Dyke, para avaliação de malformações e alterações esqueléticas. Os resultados não demonstraram a ocorrência de toxicidade materna sistêmica ou alterações nos índices reprodutivos avaliados. Malformações ou alterações teratogênicas não foram detectadas, no entanto alterações esqueléticas sugestivas de retardo no desenvolvimento foram observadas especialmente nas doses mais altas testadas (300mg.kg-1 e 500mg.kg-1). Considerando-se a situação complexa de risco para a saúde humana, mostra-se importante a execução de investigações adicionais, de modo a contribuir para a adequada avaliação de risco do piriproxifeno em água potável.(AU)
This study investigated the prenatal toxicity of the insecticide pyriproxyfen in Wistar rats to detect the possible changes in the fetal development of the progeny exposed during the organogenic period. Three doses of pyriproxyfen (100, 300, and 500mg.kg-1) were administered orally to the progenitors, from day 6 to 15 of gestation. The fetuses were processed using the Taylor and Van Dyke modified diaphanization technique to evaluate malformations and skeletal changes. The results did not demonstrate the occurrence of systemic maternal toxicity or changes in the reproductive indexes evaluated. Malformations or teratogenic changes were not detected, however, skeletal changes suggestive of developmental delay were observed, especially in the highest doses tested (300 mg.kg-1 and 500 mg.kg-1). Owing to the potentially complex situation regarding its risk to human health, it is important that further studies be performed to contribute to the risk assessment of the addition of pyriproxyfen in drinking water.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Pesticides/adverse effects , Pyridines , Teratogens/analysis , Fetal Development/drug effects , Rats, Wistar/embryology , Zika Virus , Microcephaly/veterinaryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is the primary transmitter of several arbovirus with great impact in human health. Controlling vector mosquitoes is an essential and complex task. One promising control method is to use mosquitoes as a vehicle to disseminate tiny particles of juvenile-killing insecticides, such as pyriproxyfen (PPF), to breeding sites. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the capacity of Ae. aegypti to disseminate two new formulations of PPF in two sites of Rio de Janeiro city for assessment of the efficacy of these products. METHODS Dissemination stations impregnated with powder and liquid new formulations of PPF were installed in two test sites. Ovitraps were used in the test sites and in a control site for monitoring the presence of Ae. aegypti throughout eggs collection. FINDINGS Entomological indices indicated that the new formulations of PPF were efficient in reducing eggs abundance. Liquid formulation performed better than powder formulation. Ready-to-use formulations of PPF can be quickly applied in the field and can be replaced after a few months. MAIN CONCLUSIONS New formulations of PPF associated with mosquito dissemination approach make a valuable vector control strategy, managing to cover places of difficult access for whatever reason. New formulations application requires less labour, being economically attractive.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Adolescent , Pyridines/pharmacology , Mosquito Control/methods , Aedes/drug effects , Insecticides/pharmacology , Larva/drug effects , Cities , Mosquito Vectors/growth & development , Mosquito Vectors/drug effects , Larva/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: In Brasilia, pyriproxyfen (PPF; 0.01 mg/L) has been used for the larval control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes since 2016. Information on the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to PPF, and the development of resistance in populations from the Federal District of Brazil (FD) is limited. It is essential to monitor the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to insecticides in order to improve vector control strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti populations from five areas of Brasilia to PPF. METHODS: We performed dose-response tests to estimate the emergence inhibition and resistance ratio of each field population, including the Rockefeller reference population. We also analyzed egg positivity, and the density and mortality of larvae and pupae. RESULTS: Populations from Vila Planalto (RR50=1.7), Regiment Guards Cavalry (RR50=2.5), and Sub-secretary of Justice Complex (RR50=3.7) presented high susceptibility to PPF, while the RR values of populations from Lago Norte (RR50=7.7) and Varjão (RR50=5.9) were moderately high, suggesting the emergence of insipient resistance to PPF in Brasilia. At 30 ng/mL, the highest larvae mortality rate was 2.7% for the population from Lago Norte, while that of pupae was 92.1% for Varjão and Vila Planalto. CONCLUSIONS: The five populations of Ae. aegypti from the FD are susceptible to PPF and there is a need to monitor the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti in new areas of the FD.
Subject(s)
Animals , Pyridines/pharmacology , Insecticide Resistance , Aedes/drug effects , Mosquito Vectors/drug effects , Insecticides/pharmacology , Brazil , Larva/drug effectsABSTRACT
Abstract Three phosphate solubilizing bacteria were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas sp and Pseudomonas fulva . The strains were subjected to plant biochemical testing and all the PGPR attributes were checked in the presence of pesticides (chlorpyrifos and pyriproxyfen). The phosphate solubilizing index of strain Ros2 was highest in NBRIP medium i.e 2.23 mm. All the strains showed acidic pH (ranges from 2.5-5) on both medium i.e PVK and NBRIP. Strain Ros2 was highly positive for ammonia production as well as siderophore production while strain Rad2 was positive for HCN production. The results obtained by the strains Rad1, Rad2 and Ros2 for auxin production were 33.1, 30.67 and 15.38 µg ml-1, respectively. Strain Rad1 showed 16% increase in percentage germination in comparison to control in the presence of pesticide stress. Most promising results for chlorophyll content estimation were obtained in the presence of carotenoids upto 6 mgg-1 without stress by both strains Rad1 and Rad2. Study suggests that especially strain Ros2 can enhance plant growth parameters in the pesticide stress.
Resumo Três bactérias solubilizantes de fosfato foram isoladas e identificadas por seqüenciamento de rRNA 16S como Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas sp e Pseudomonas fulva. As estirpes foram submetidas a testes bioquímicos de plantas e todos os atributos PGPR foram verificados na presença de pesticidas (clorpirifos e piriproxifeno). O índice de solubilização de fosfato da estirpe Ros2 foi mais elevado no meio NBRIP, isto é, 2,23 mm. Todas as estirpes apresentaram um pH ácido (varia de 2,5-5) em ambos os meios, isto é PVK e NBRIP. A estirpe Ros2 foi altamente positiva para a produção de amoníaco, bem como a produção de sideróforos enquanto a estirpe Rad2 foi positiva para a produção de HCN. Os resultados obtidos pelas estirpes Rad1, Rad2 e Ros2 para a produção de auxina foram 33,1, 30,67 e 15,38 μg ml-1 , respectivamente. A deformação Rad1 mostrou aumento de 16% na germinação percentual em comparação com o controlo na presença de stress de pesticida. Os resultados mais promissores para a estimativa do teor de clorofila foram obtidos na presença de carotenóides até 6 mgg-1 sem estresse por ambas as cepas Rad1 e Rad2. Estudo sugere que especialmente a estirpe Ros2 pode melhorar parâmetros de crescimento de plantas no estresse de pesticidas.
Subject(s)
Phosphates/metabolism , Pseudomonas/physiology , Pyridines/administration & dosage , Triticum/growth & development , Chlorpyrifos/administration & dosage , Insecticides/administration & dosage , Pakistan , Pseudomonas/drug effects , Triticum/metabolism , Triticum/microbiology , RNA, Bacterial/analysis , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis , Pseudomonas putida/drug effects , Pseudomonas putida/physiology , Sequence Analysis, RNAABSTRACT
Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del temefos frente al pyriproxifeno a diferentes dosis (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 y 0.05 ppb) para el control de larvas de Aedes aegypti en condiciones de laboratorio. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental con grupo de control, que incorporó a 2000 larvas de Aedes aegypti provenientes de la jurisdicción de Collique III Zona, Comas - Perú, y la cepa Rockefeller como control susceptible. Se determinó la diferencia en tiempo de inicio de la acción larvicida; así mismo, se evaluó el porcentaje de sobrevivencia y mortalidad a diferentes dosis (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 y 0.05 ppb) del temefos vs. pyriproxifeno a través de la metodología recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en condiciones de laboratorio. Resultados: Según los resultados obtenidos, las larvas de la cepa Collique III Zona expuestas al temefos mostraron un promedio de mortalidad de 68.4%, a diferencia del ensayo con pyriproxifeno, cuyo promedio de mortalidad fue de 0.8%. Con relación a la cepa Rockefeller vs. temefos, el promedio de mortalidad fue de 100%, a diferencia de la cepa Rockefeller y pyriproxifeno que fue de 0.8%. Esto indica que temefos tiene un efecto larvicida en menor tiempo para el control larvario de Aedes aegypti. Conclusiones: La población de larvas de Aedes aegypti mostró susceptibilidad al insecticida temefos. Una única aplicación de temefos a la dosis de 0.04 ppm mostró una mortalidad del 92% en las larvas. Con el regulador de crecimiento (pyriproxifeno), encontramos valores de mortalidad bastante bajos en la cepa Collique y cepa Rockefeller
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of temefos versus pyriproxyfen at different doses (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 ppb) to control Aedes aegypti larvae in laboratory conditions. Materials and methods: An experimental study with control group which included 2,000 Aedes aegypti larvae from the Collique III Zona jurisdiction in Comas, Peru, and the Rockefeller strain as susceptible control. The difference in the time of onset of the larvicidal effect was established. Additionally, the survival and mortality rates with temefos versus pyriproxyfen were evaluated at different doses (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 ppb) in laboratory conditions using the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Based on the results, the Collique III Zona strain larvae exposed to temefos showed an average mortality rate of 68.4%, as opposed to the average mortality rate in the pyriproxyfen assay, which was 0.8%. Regarding the Rockefeller strain exposed to temefos, the average mortality rate was 100%, as opposed to the average mortality rate in the pyriproxyfen assay, which was 0.8%. This indicates that temefos has a faster larvicidal effect to control Aedes aegypti larvae. Conclusions: The Aedes aegypti larvae population was susceptible to insecticide temefos. A single application of temefos at 0.04 ppm showed a mortality rate of 92% in the larvae. With insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, very low mortality rates were found in the Collique and Rockefeller strains
ABSTRACT
[ Objective ] To assess the resistance risk of Culex pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen in Culexpipiens pallens, to predict the rate of resistance development and to provide the reference for scientific and rational application of insecticides. [ Methods ] The resistance strain was developed by group selection, and the realized heritability ( h2 ) of Culex pipiens pallens resistance to deltamethrin was estimated by Tabashnik's method. [ Results] The resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen had increased by 5.69-fold after 12 generations of indoor breeding, and the h2 of Culex pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen was 0.02, indicating that a relatively risk of resistance development. [ Conclusion] The results indicate that Culex pipiens pallens has resistance risk to pyriproxyfen, so the application of the insecticide must be scientific and rational.
ABSTRACT
Pyriproxyfen es un análogo sintético de la hormona juvenil ampliamente usado para el control de mosquitos. Esta investigación describe bioensayos realizados en condiciones de laboratorio con una formulación granulada del producto (Sumilarv G-0,5 %), utilizando larvas del IV instar temprano de Aedes aegypti. Se realizaron estos bioensayos con el fin de determinar su eficacia y actividad residual a las dosis de 0,01; 0,02; 0,03; 0,04 y 0,05 ppm sobre larvas Aedes aegypti de las cepas La Pedrera y Rockefeller de referencia; las evaluaciones fueron realizadas a 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 y 90 días después del tratamiento. Los resultados evidenciaron que especímenes tratados, presentaron malformaciones que afectaron su desarrollo y causaron la muerte de los individuos. Fue calculado el porcentaje de mortalidad de larvas, pupas y adultos, asimismo el porcentaje de inhibición de emergencia de adultos. La media aritmética para el porcentaje de mortalidad (% M) en la cepa Rockefeller fue de 76,83 % y para la cepa La Pedrera de 65,37 %. Para el porcentaje de inhibición de la emergencia, la cepa Rockefeller presentó media aritmética de 91,80 %; la cual fue significativamente mayor que la de la cepa La Pedrera, que fue igual a 78,08 %. El producto pyriproxyfen mostró eficacia en la inhibición de la emergencia de adultos con las dosis evaluadas, pero para la dosis de 0,01 ppm fue de menor efecto residual. Los resultados demuestran una mayor eficacia y actividad residual del pyriproxyfen a las dosis de 0,04 y 0,05 ppm hasta los 90 días después del tratamiento; en efecto ambas dosis presentaron elevada eficacia y actividad residual prolongada por 90 días, sugiriendo su uso como alternativa en los programas de control de Aedes aegypti y para el manejo integrado de otros mosquitos vectores en Venezuela, como es el caso de Aedes albopictus.
Pyriproxyfen is a synthetic juvenile hormone analogue widely used in mosquito control. Bioassays were undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and residual activity of a granular formulation of pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv G- 0.5% in granules) against IV instar Aedes aegypti (La Pedrera and Rockefeller reference strains), at doses of 0.01; 0.02; 0.03; 0.04 and 0.05 ppm. Larvae were examined 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after treatment. The treated specimens showed malformations affecting their development, and higher mortality rates compared to the controls. The percentage mortality of larvae, pupae and adults and the percentage of adult emergence inhibition were calculated. Mortality rates (% M) were 76.83 % (Rockefeller strain) and 65.37 % (La Pedrera strain). The percentage of adult emergence inhibition was significantly higher (91.80 %) in the Rockefeller strain than the La Pedrera strain (78.08 %). Pyriproxyfen produced effective inhibition of adult emergence at all the doses evaluated, but with less residual effect at 0.01 ppm. Doses of 0.04 and 0.05 ppm were the most efficient and persistent over the 90 days of the experiment. The results suggest that pyriproxyfen could be used as an alternative in Aedes aegypti control strategies and integrated mosquito vector management programs in Venezuela.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: el Ministerio de Salud Pública de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador, ha utilizado, hasta la fecha, temefos (abate) como principal medida química para el control larval de Aedes aegypti, principal vector del dengue en este país.Objetivos: determinar la resistencia a temefos y sus mecanismos bioquímicos en dos cepas Aedes aegypti de Ecuador, así como determinar la eficacia del regulador de crecimiento, pyriproxifeno, como posible alternativa para su control.Métodos: en larvas de Aedes aegypti provenientes de dos localidades (Pascuales y Guayacanes), de la ciudad de Guayaquil, Ecuador, se evaluó la resistencia al insecticida oganofosforado temefos y la eficacia del pyriproxifeno mediante metodologías recomendadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los mecanismos de resistencia metabólicos se determinaron a través de ensayos bioquímicos y electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida.Resultados: las larvas de la cepa Pascuales resultaron con moderado nivel de resistencia a temefos y Guayacanes resultó susceptible. A través de ensayos bioquímicos y electroforesis se demostró que el mecanismo de resistencia de acción metabólica, basado en una incrementada actividad de la esterasa-A4, resultó ser responsable de la resistencia detectada a temefos. Las dosis de pyriproxifeno que causaron 50 por ciento de inhibición de la emergencia (IE50) y 95 por ciento (IE95), resultaron muy similares entre las cepas de Ecuador y la cepa de referencia susceptible a insecticidas, Rockefeller.Conclusiones: se demostró que el mecanismo de esterasas, responsable de la resistencia a temefos, está presente en Aedes aegypti de Guayaquil, Ecuador, de ahí la necesidad de monitorear este fenómeno en diferentes regiones del país. El regulador de crecimiento pyriproxifeno resultó muy eficaz, y esto lo convierte en una alternativa a evaluar para el control de poblaciones de Aedes aegypti en Ecuador.
Introduction: the Ministry of Public Health in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador, has so far used temephos (abate) as the main chemical measure for larval control of Aedes aegypti, the fundamental dengue vector in the country. Objectives: determine temephos resistance and its biochemical mechanisms in two strains of Aedes aegypti in Ecuador, and determine the efficacy of the growth regulator pyriproxyfen as a possible control alternative. Methods: resistance to organophosphorus insecticide temephos and the efficacy of pyriproxyfen were evaluated in Aedes aegypti larvae from two areas (Pascuales and Guayacanes) in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador, by means of methodologies recommended by the World Health Organization. Metabolic resistance mechanisms were determined by biochemical assays and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: larvae from the Pascuales strain showed moderate resistance to temephos, whereas those from the Guayacanes strain were found to be susceptible. Biochemical assays and electrophoresis revealed that the resistance mechanism of metabolic action, based on increased esterase-A4 activity, was responsible for the temephos resistance observed. The doses of pyriproxyfen causing 50 percent emergence inhibition (EI50) and 95 percent (EI95) were very similar between strains from Ecuador and the reference insecticide susceptible strain Rockefeller. Conclusions: it was found that the esterase mechanism, responsible for temephos resistance, is present in Aedes aegypti from Guayaquil, Ecuador. Hence the need to monitor this phenomenon in different regions of the country. The growth regulator pyriproxyfen proved to be very effective, which turns it into an alternative to evaluate for the control of Aedes aegypti populations in Ecuador.
Subject(s)
Aedes/virology , Densovirinae/chemistry , Juvenile Hormones/therapeutic use , Insecticides, Organophosphate/prevention & control , Myiasis/prevention & control , TemefosABSTRACT
Introducción: el uso intensivo del larvicida químico temefos (abate) en Cuba, ha generado el desarrollo de mecanismos de resistencia en Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). Por esta razón, apremia la necesidad de evaluar otras alternativas de control, como el pyriproxyfeno, inhibidor de crecimiento. Objetivos: determinar la eficacia de pyriproxyfeno como larvicida, pupicida y adulticida en cepas de referencia de Aedes aegypti y establecer su efecto sobre la reproducción. Métodos: para el estudio se utilizó una cepa de Aedes aegypti de referencia susceptible (Rockefeller) y otra resistente (SANtemF13) a temefos. La evaluación de pyriproxyfeno se realizó a través de bioensayos recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se determinó el efecto en la reproducción, midiendo la fecundidad y viabilidad de los huevos (fertilidad) en larvas de la cepa Rockefeller, sobrevivientes a dosis subletales de pyriproxyfeno. Resultados: en Rockefeller, pyriproxyfeno manifestó actividad larvicida en 32 por ciento, pupicida en 21 por ciento y adulticida solo 1 por ciento. En SANtem F13, resultó larvicida en 31 por ciento, pupicida 12 por ciento y adulticida 1 por ciento. El análisis de varianza entre rangos de dosis letales para larvas, pupas y adultos de las cepas referenciales, Rockefeller y SANtem F13, no mostró diferencias significativas (p= 0,000001). El pyriproxyfeno resultó ser un excelente inhibidor de la emergencia de adultos en las cepas de Aedes aegypti estudiadas a concentraciones bajas, inferiores a las recomendadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en mosquitos del género Aedes. También tuvo fuerte efecto subletal y afectó la fertilidad de los adultos, en condiciones de laboratorio. Conclusión: el inhibidor de crecimiento pyriproxyfeno representa una buena alternativa a incluir dentro de las estrategias de control integrado de Aedes aegypti en Cuba, sin afectarse su eficacia por la resistencia que esta especie ha...
Introduction: intensive use of chemical larvicide temephos (abate) in Cuba has resulted in the development of resistance mechanisms in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762). Therefore, there is an urgent need to consider other control alternatives, such as pyriproxyfen, a growth inhibitor. Objectives: determine the efficacy of pyriproxyfen as larvicide, pupicide and adulticide in reference strains of Aedes aegypti and establish its effect on reproduction. Methods: the study was based on a strain of reference Aedes aegypti susceptible to temephos (Rockefeller) and a strain resistant to temephos (SANtemF13). Pyriproxyfen was evaluated with bioassays recommended by the World Health Organization. Determination was made of the effect of pyriproxyfen on reproduction by measuring fecundity and egg viability (fertility) in larvae of the Rockefeller strain surviving sublethal doses of pyriproxyfen. Results: in the Rockefeller strain, pyriproxyfen was larvicidal in 32 percent, pupicidal in 21 percent and adulticidal in a mere 1 percent. In the SANtem F13 strain, it was larvicidal in 31 percent, pupicidal in 12 percent and adulticidal in 1 percent. Analysis of variance between ranges of lethal doses for larvae, pupas and adults of the reference strains Rockefeller and SANtem F13 did not show any significant differences (p= 0.000001). Pyriproxyfen was found to be an excellent inhibitor of adult emergence in the strains of Aedes aegypti studied when used at low concentrations, below those recommended by the World Health Organization for mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. It also showed a strong sublethal effect and affected the fertility of adults in laboratory conditions. Conclusion: growth inhibitor pyriproxyfen is a good alternative to be included among integrated control strategies against Aedes aegypti in Cuba without affecting its efficacy, due to the resistance that this species has developed to larvicide temephos
Subject(s)
Mosquito Control/methods , Densovirinae , Insecticide Resistance/immunologyABSTRACT
Pyriproxyfen es un análogo sintético de la hormona juvenil ampliamente usado para el control de mos quitos. Esta investigación describe bioensayos realizados en condiciones de laboratorio con una formulación granulada del producto, utilizando larvas del IV instar de aedes aegypti. Este producto (Sumilarv G-0,5%) fue formulado en Brasil, con 0,5 % del ingrediente activo (Pyriproxyfen: S-31183). El objetivo fue determinar la eficacia del producto y evaluar su acción residual a tres concentraciones (0,002; 0,01 y 0,05 ppm) sobre larvas de Ae. aegypti. Para tal fin, se realizaron seis ensayos sucesivos: El ensayo inicial (semana 0) y después a 1, 2, 4, 6 y 8 semanas post-tratamiento al agua. Según los resultados obtenidos, la actividad residual del producto con la concentración de 0,05 ppm, fue bastante satisfactoria durante 8 semanas (60 días) post-tratamiento, obteniéndose valores del porcentaje de Inhibición de la Emergencia (% IE) de 77%. Sin embargo, tanto a 0,002 ppm como a 0,01 ppm, su eficacia disminuyó considerablemente a partir de la primera y segunda semana post-tratamiento. La mortalidad en la fase de pupa fue mucho mayor que la mortalidad larval a todas las concentraciones probadas. Asimismo, en otro experimento se evaluó el efecto del aumento de la densidad de larvas expuestas, sobre la eficacia del producto a la misma concentración de 0,05 ppm. La densidad larvaria no afectó la eficacia del producto; ya que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre tratamientos o densidades probadas. El análisis estadístico no reveló ninguna relación significativa entre densidad larvaria y mortalidad de pupas o inhibición de la emergencia de adultos de Ae. aegypti. Según lo cual, se concluye que al aumentar progresivamente la cantidad de larvas a tratar, no disminuye la mortalidad de pupas, ni la inhibición de emergencia de adultos, por lo que no se afecta negativamente la eficacia del producto.
Pyriproxyfen is a synthetic juvenile hormone analogue and it has been widely used in mosquito control. This re search paper describes experiments or trials carried out under laboratory conditions with a granular formulation of pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv -G 0.5% in granules), using IV instars larvae of Aedes aegypti. This is a granular formulation of pyriproxyfen with 0.5% of active ingredient. The efficacy and residual activity of pyriproxyfen were evaluated on larvae and pupae of Ae. aegypti using three final concentrations: 0.002, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm; at (initial day = week 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment (post-treatment). According to the results, the efficacy of pyriproxyfen was very satisfactory during 8 weeks (60 days) post-treatment, using 0.05 ppm of pyriproxyfen with 77% (% IE). It was observed that mortality in the pupa stage was higher than larvae mortality for all three concentrations. However, the percentage of IE in treated water diminished after the initial week (week 0) to 56.7 % (0.002 ppm) and after first week to 98.8 % (0.01ppm). The other aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of pyriproxyfen at 0.05 ppm, in relation to the larval density of Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. Five larval densities: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 larvae, were evaluated at 0.05 ppm. The statistical analysis not revealed significant differences between these densities, and did not reveal a relationship between the mosquito larval density and pupae mortality of Ae. aegypti. Whereby, it is concluded that by progressively increasing the number of larvae treated, mortality of pupae or adult emergence inhibition do not decrease, therefore it does not adversely affect the product performance.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aedes , Anopheles , Juvenile Hormones , Vector Control of Diseases , Embryonic Development , Insecta , MyiasisABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: el uso continuado del organofosforado temefos para el control de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), ha propiciado la aparición de resistencia en varios países del mundo. El pyriproxyfeno es un análogo de la hormona juvenil recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como una de las alternativas para el control del vector del dengue en aguas de consumo humano. OBJETIVO: evaluar la eficacia del pyriproxyfeno en cepas con diferentes niveles de resistencia a temefos, para ser utilizado como una posible alternativa en el control de Ae. aegypti. MÉTODOS: para el estudio se utilizaron dos cepas de Ae. aegypti de referencia, una susceptible y otra resistente a temefos y tres cepas de campo colectadas en los municipios Boyeros, Cotorro y 10 de Octubre, todos pertenecientes a Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. Para la evaluación de temefos y pyriproxyfeno, se utilizaron bioensayos recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. RESULTADOS: a concentraciones altas el pyriproxyfeno tuvo una acción larvicida. A concentraciones entre 0,01 y 1 ppb, se evidenció la inhibición de la emergencia, porque hubo un incremento en la mortalidad pupal y en menor medida en los adultos en el proceso de romper la exhubia pupal. Este regulador del crecimiento resultó efectivo a las mismas dosis en todas las cepas, independiente de su grado de resistencia a temefos, con valores de IE50 dentro del rango reportado para el género Aedes. CONCLUSIÓN: según los resultados obtenidos, la eficacia del pyriproxyfeno no se vio afectada con el nivel de resistencia a temefos presente en las cepas de estudio y lo convierte en una herramienta útil para el control de Ae. aegypti.
INTRODUCTION: the continuous use of the organophosphate temephos for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) has prompted the emergence of resistance to this product in several countries. Pyriproxyfen is an analogue of the juvenile hormone recommended by the World Health Organization as one of the alternative regulators of the dengue vector in drinking waters. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the efficacy of pyriproxyfen in those strains with various degrees of temephos resistance, in order to be used as a possible regulator of Ae. aegypti. METHODS: for this study, two reference Ae. aegypti strains were used, one susceptible and the other resistant to temephos, and three field strains collected in Boyeros, Cotorro and 10 de Octubre municipalities, all of them from the City of Havana province, Cuba. For the temephos and pyriproxyfen evaluation, the WHO recommended bioassays were used. RESULTS: at high concentrations, pyriproxyfen showed larvicidal properties. At 0,01 and 1 ppb concentrations, inhibition of emergence due to increase of pupal mortality and to lesser extent in adults in the process of breaking the pupal exubia was demonstrated. This growth regulator was effective at the same doses in all the strains, regardless of the degree of temephos resistance, being IE50 values within the range for Aedes genus. CONCLUSION: According to the results, the effectiveness of pyriproxyfen was not affected by the degree of temephos resistance in the studied strains, and this is a useful tool in the Ae aegypti control.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes , Mosquito Control/methods , Pyridines , Aedes/classification , Insecticide Resistance , TemefosABSTRACT
Juvenile hormone analogues (JHA) have been tested as growth regulators of Bombyx mori L., aiming to increase the cocoon production. These chemicals, when applied in appropriate doses, promote prolongation of the larval period. The effects of JHA application may vary with the product, strain, and time of application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the topical application in different times of three JHA and their effects on larval growth and silk production of the Brazilian silkworm strain C115xN108. Pyriproxyfen, methoprene and fenoxycarb were applied on silkworm larvae at 24h, 48h, 72h or 96h after the beginning of the fifth instar (HFI) and the effects of the products on larval and adult biological characters and silk production were evaluated. Independently of the time of application, the three products affected all the evaluated parameters. The nutrients stored during the extended period by the treated insects were used for growing the silk glands and were converted in corporal weight, with consequent increments in the silk production. Applications of piryproxyfen, methoprene and fenoxycarb between 48 and 72 HFI promoted, in a general way, the largest increments in the biomass and cocoon production of B. mori. Variations in the time of application between 24 and 96 HFI did not influence adult emergence, oviposition or the egg viability of B. mori.
Análogos do hormônio juvenil (AHJ) têm sido testados como reguladores de crescimento de Bombyx mori L., com vistas ao incremento da produção de casulos. Esses produtos, quando aplicados em doses adequadas, prolongam o período larval. Os efeitos da aplicação de AHJ podem variar com o produto, a linhagem e o momento de aplicação. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação tópica, em diferentes momentos, de três análogos do hormônio juvenil sobre o crescimento dos insetos e a produção de seda da linhagem brasileira C115xN108 do bicho-da-seda. Os produtos piriproxifem, metoprene e fenoxicarbe foram aplicados em larvas do bicho-da-seda a 24h, 48h, 72h e 96h após o início do quinto ínstar (HQI) e seus efeitos sobre características biológicas larvais e adultas e a produção de seda foram avaliados. Independentemente do momento de aplicação, os três produtos afetaram todos os parâmetros avaliados. A reserva de nutrientes acumulada durante o período larval prolongado dos insetos tratados foi destinada ao crescimento das glândulas sericígenas e, também, convertida em peso corporal, com conseqüentes incrementos na produção de seda. Aplicações entre 48 e 72 HQI provocaram os maiores incrementos na biomassa e na produção de casulos de B. mori. Variações no momento de aplicação de 24h e 96h não influenciaram a emergência ou a oviposição de adultos de B. mori, nem a viabilidade dos ovos.